gauge your ability to recognize patterns in sounds.determine if you can pick up on subtle changes in sounds, such as changes in intensity or pitch.assess your ability to hear and understand speech in a variety of scenarios, including with background noise, competing speech, and rapid speech.evaluate whether or not your condition is due to hearing loss or APD.Some examples of the types of tests that they may use include those that: Using the information the multidisciplinary team provides from the tests that they’ve performed, the audiologist will make a diagnosis. Teachers can offer feedback on any learning challenges.A speech-language therapist can evaluate your oral and written communication skills.A psychologist can assess cognitive functioning.An audiologist can perform a variety of hearing tests.This can help your healthcare provider rule out any other potential causes for your condition. Multidisciplinary approachīecause multiple conditions can be similar to or occur along with APD, a multidisciplinary approach is typically used to make a diagnosis. This can include evaluating your symptoms and when they started as well as checking to figure out if you have any risk factors for APD. The first part of the process involves taking a thorough history. There’s no standard process for diagnosing APD. How is auditory processing disorder diagnosed? However, because the problem involves processing sounds, testing often shows that their ability to hear is normal.īecause they have problems processing and understanding sounds, people with APD often have trouble with learning activities, especially those that are presented verbally. trouble with learning or enjoying musicĭue to these symptoms, those with APD may appear to have difficulty hearing. problems following or comprehending rapid speech or complex directions.difficulty concentrating or paying attention.problems distinguishing between similar sounds.trouble telling where a sound is coming from.needing a longer response time during conversation.frequently asking people to repeat what they’ve said or responding with words like “huh” or “what”.difficulty understanding speech, particularly in noisy environments or when more than one person is speaking.What are the symptoms of auditory processing disorder?
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Likewise, to form seventh chords, make sure that the note you pick is part of the scale. Clearly, every chord makes use of notes that are part of the scale. Using the key of A minor as an example, whose notes are A B C D E F G, the chords in the key of A minor in order are A minor, B diminished, C major, D minor, E minor, F major and G major. The pattern of chords for any minor key is minor, diminished, major, minor, minor, major, major. Chords In The Key Of A, B, C, D, E, F, G Flat, Sharp, Minor Minor Keys Chords Pattern To learn more about chords by key (what chords are in what key and why), check out my book, Master Piano Chords By Key And Give Yourself A Big Advantage When Playing, Learning Or Writing Songs. Maj, min and dim chords by key (minor keys): The seventh chords in the key of C are Cmaj7, Dmin7, Emin7, Fmaj7, G7, Amin7 and Bm7b5. The chord corresponding to the note, B is Bm7b5 (B minor seventh flat five, also called B half diminished). For example, the first chord is Cmaj7 (C E G B) while the second chord in the key of C is Dm7 (D F A C). The same applies when deciding what type of seventh chord to play. What chord should we play? B major? B minor? B diminished? Clearly the answer is B diminished because this is the only chord that we can start on that key that includes notes which are all part of the C major scale. It has to be F major consisting of the notes F A C. Clearly, it can’t be F diminished either. If we move to the note F, what chord must we play? It can’t be F minor because there is no black key in the C major scale and Ab is not part of the scale. The correct chord has to be D minor consisting of the notes D, F and A which are all part of the C major scale. We can’t play D major because F# is not part of the scale and we can’t play D diminished either since this chord also makes use of flats (or black keys) that are not in the scale. The chord to play is C major and that’s obvious since the key is based on that chord. The fact that every note of each chord must be part of the major scale, makes it easy to know what chords to play. Piano Chords By Key: It’s Easy To Know What Chords To Play. Check out “Piano Chords: How To Form Basic Chords On Piano And Keyboard”. By the way, I created this amazing course that will help you with your chords. For the 1st, 4th and 5th notes of the major scale, the chords used are major chords, for the 2nd, 3rd and 6th notes you use minor chords and for the 7th note, you play a diminished chord. The pattern of chords for major keys is major minor minor major major minor diminished. Chords In The Key Of A, B, C, D, E, F, G Flat, Sharp, Major Major Keys Chord Pattern Maj, min and dim chords by key (major keys): Chords by key. Highly Recommended: Click here for the BEST piano/keyboard course I’ve come across online. The chords can be either major, minor or diminished and the notes that form each chord must be part of the major scale. In other words, each note must have a chord that corresponds to it. The chords in the key of C must be named after each of the seven notes. The chord names follow the notes in the scale.įor instance in the C major scale the notes are C D E F G A B C. The question is “How did we come up with these chords?” One can add sevenths to all of these chords and this would give us Cmaj7, Dmin7, Emin7, Fmaj7, G7, Amin7 and Bm7b5. Quickly, as an example, the chords in the key of C are C major, D minor, E minor, F major, G major, A minor and B diminished. How Does One Come Up With The Chords In Each Key?īefore we take a look at the various chords by key, we will try to have a clear understanding of how one comes up with the chords in each key. We will take a look at various chord diagrams, listing all the triad and four note chords in each key. We will learn the number of sharps and flats in each key and what the sharp or flat notes are. How about the key signatures for each key? We will take a look at this as well. What are the scales that correspond to each key? We will learn the major and minor scales, respectively for the various keys. (Master The Most Common Piano Chords With The Help Of An Experienced Piano Player). To learn more about chords, check out my course, Piano Chords: How To Form Basic Chords On Piano And Keyboard. We will take a look at chords in the keys of C, C sharp, D flat, D, E flat, E, F, F sharp, G flat, G, G sharp, A flat, A, A sharp, B flat and B major and minor. In this section, we shall take a look at chords sorted by key. Chords by key… Chords in the key of… What chords are in what key? Piano Chords Charts. NetNewsWire’s source list includes sections for Smart Feeds, On My iPhone or iPad, 1 and feeds and folders from any RSS services you use. It’s that dependability coupled with NetNewsWire’s platform-specific functionality and interactions that really make the difference. The dependability of NewNewWire is notable because it stands apart from typical 1.0 releases, but it isn’t enough. All software has bugs, but good luck finding one in NetNewsWire. If you’ve followed the team developing NetNewsWire, you know they’ve been relentlessly squashing bugs for weeks leading up to the launch and the dedication shows. I follow hundreds of feeds, and NetNewsWire loads new articles as fast and often faster than any other RSS client I’ve used. Like the Mac app, NetNewsWire is fast and reliable. The app benefits from the same careful attention to detail that the Mac app does, but adapted for the iOS/iPadOS environment.įor users, that means a few things. Whether it’s an iOS or iPadOS app moving to the Mac or the other direction, too often the core experience of an app is replicated without accounting for the unique qualities of the platform to which it’s being added. I wish I could say the same about most apps, but I can’t. One of the strengths of NetNewsWire is that if you’ve used the Mac app, the iOS and iPadOS version is immediately familiar, while also feeling right at home on an iPhone or iPad. NetNewsWire running in dark mode on the Mac (left) and iPad (right). Why can’t I add music to my Instagram post? Below the geotag, you’ll see the option to add music. To add music to your feed post, simply upload a photo and proceed to the caption screen. Frequently asked questions about posting music on Instagram How do I add music to my Instagram post? Read more on how to add music to your Instagram Stories. After tapping the sticker, you can choose a track from Instagram’s music library. The easiest way to add music to your Instagram Stories is to use the “Music” sticker. Read our Instagram Reels guide for full details on how to add music to Instagram Reels. When creating Instagram Reels, you can add your own audio (such as a voiceover) or choose from Instagram’s music library. What about adding music to Reels and Stories? It can also help your post gain more reach if it’s shown on the search page for that audio track.Ī post shared by Will Bulsiewicz MD MSCI (Dr B) this example from he paired a meme about pooping with “Joy” by Andy Grammer. Like Instagram Reels, using trending audio on a feed post may help you gain favor with the algorithm, thus increasing your post’s viral potential. If you want to experience the examples listed below in their full glory, you’ll have to open the posts in the app. Note: For now, it looks like music added to posts does not appear on posts you view outside of the Instagram app. However, if you’re interested in creating good content and engaging your audience, I’ve got a few strategic examples of why you should add music to your Instagram feed posts. (Of course, all he does on Instagram is watch Reels on his Explore page about dogs and sports, so maybe he’s outside the intended audience of this feature.) Like my husband when I showed him the new feature, you may wonder, “What exactly is the point of adding music to photos?” If you encounter any issues with the above process, check Instagram’s full article. Users can tap the volume to mute or unmute the music. Once your post is in the feed, your followers will see the music track’s name and artist below the geotag and a volume icon on the bottom right. Once you’re happy with the placement of the clip, tap Done. The pink dots on the grey timeline indicate parts of the song where new verses or strong beats start, so they’re good spots to position your bar. On that screen, you can drag the bar to the part of the song you want to play. Once you’ve selected the duration, tap Done, and you’ll return to the screen with the colored bar. First, tap the circle that says 30 to choose the clip duration. Once the clip ends, the song loops.Īfter you select a specific track, you’ll see a screen with the song and a colored bar. Since a photo doesn’t have a defined duration (like a video clip), it’s up to you to choose how long of a clip you want to add to your photo. Interestingly, these subpages also show the number of Reels that have used each song, which can indicate if a song is popular or trending. If you tap into one of these categories, you’ll see a list of tracks. If you tap Browse, you’ll see a list of moods, themes, and genres to inspire you. Or, if you’ve saved tracks from Reels or other Instagram posts, you can find them by tapping Saved. If you have a specific artist or song in mind, you can search for it in the search bar at the top. Instagram will show some suggested trending tracks under For you. Now comes the fun part: choosing a track! Tap Add music or one of the suggested tracks to get started. Once you’ve reached the caption screen, you can add music below the geotag. Step 2: On the caption screen, tap “Add music” Select your photo, apply any desired edits, then tap Next. The first step is to create a feed post as usual. Note: At this time, you can only add music to single photo posts, not carousel posts. How to add music to your Instagram posts in 4 stepsĪdding music to your feed posts only takes a few simple steps and is done during the normal post creation process. Easily customize them in Canva, and take your Reels game to the next level today. Bonus: Claim your pack of free animated Instagram Reels templates created by Hootsuite’s professional designers. You can also right-click and reveal in finder to make sure you want to look at that file and make sure you want to get rid of it. When I’m ready to delete I press “remove” If I click on downloads for example It shows me folder and files in it. That’s 856.2 MB wasted which i didn’t notice. I never use that anymore and i forgot about it. MacKeeper also lets you check for disk usage. So i just completely uninstalled a few apps. MacKeeper then asks you if you are sure you want to permanently remove the apps. So for example I selected Applications, then i checked some apps I never use anymore. It can be applications, widgets, Preference Pane or even plugins. So with MacKeeper Wise uninstaller you select what you want to remove. Even nerds like me don’t want to do that, I could be working on a PHP Script or something better with my time. If you knew what you was looking for you could find it and delete it but not everyone will know how or feel comfortable. When doing that it leaves behind files like for example in your library system folder. On Mac most people just drag the app in to the trash and delete it that way. So in preferences you can tell it what languages you want it to keep. So i don’t need them and they waste space. Some apps are universal apps meaning they have code in them to run on a PowerPC Mac like G3,G4, etc. So that was basically a quick system scan but there is more advance stuff you can do. Nice interface design.Īwesome! Its done fixing. You then will see a cute little wrench tightening up your system. Doubt I would have without this application. I have 1594 issues and 1.3GB of wasted disk space. I was expecting it to take longer as other apps do, but it scanned my system fast! It then analyzes your Mac. Analyzing took less than 5 minutes on my Late 2009 Mac mini. Well now I don’t have to mention anymore as MacKeeper is an All in one tool that does what I would do with multiple apps. I forget some of the tools I used in the past and i mentioned some before. I used to run them a lot when I was new to Mac but now days I hardly use them. All have different interfaces, some are free and some cost. I use multiple apps to try to keep my Mac running smoothly. Mac users like me want a fast running machine, Not full of junk. Look up the frequent questions section for more info. I order to get a refund you have 14 days since its reception.įor further information on returns and changes you only have to look up the frequent questions section the website´s chat or you can send an email to and we will provide you with any information you might need.Īt Tablas Surf Shop, you have free returns on wetsuits worth over €200 within 14 calendar days of delivery, excluding sale and/or special offer items.Īll European Union countries are included in this offer, except those with customs fees, independent transport policies or limited transport (e.g. At Tablas Surf Shop you can return or change a product until it has been 100 days since its reception. We will send it back to you for FREE.Ġ4 Am I allowed to return or change an order? Verse 1 Woke up and just felt right Phone blown like a tailpipe Today's schedule airtight I turn a short day into a long night See you soon if you got the heart Meet you outside Rennie Park Hurry. In case the product is on sale (special offer) you can change for another size if you take care of the shipping costs of sending the product to our facilities. At Tablas surf shop you have available one free size change, providing the product is not subject to a special offer and it has not been more than 24 days since reception of the product. Check out the frequent questions section on the bottom left corner of the website.įor further information on the shipping costs you only have to look up the frequent questions section, the website´s chat or you can send an email to and we will provide you with any information you might need.įirewire Surfoards and Slater Designs brand products are excluded from free shipping. REST OF COUNTRIES WITHIN THE EU OR COUNTRIES OUT OF THE EU.* UNITED KINGDOM: We are adapting our systems to be able to ship to the UK. (Check out, in the web chat or dial 985354700 or you can look at the different sizes in frequent questions section) Orders to the Canary Islands under 150€ and with small volume EXENT FROM TARIFFS AND TAXES. Tariffs and destiny taxes will be at the client´s expense at delivery, for additional information about costs, please check the frequent questions section. Orders under 100€ (VAT free) the cost is 10€. All sales are VAT free, to see the right prices, please register and use the Postal Code. Orders below 50€ the shipping cost is 6€. IBERIAN PENINSULA* AND BALEARIC ISLANDS:.01 How long will my order take to be delivered?ġº Make sure you have selected correctly on the top right corner of the page, the country of destiny.Ģº Select the color and size you want in the product file.ģº Between the sizes and the key to place payment, you will see an approximate delivery date. A single club hire is £1 per club or half set of clubs for a round of golf is £5. Can I hire equipment at the golf course?Ī. Alluvit has vetted over 7 golf instructors. All players must check in to the golf reception at Allen Park and the Starter hut at Ballyearl on arrival for activity briefing. Learn to play golf in Newtown at some of the best courses, from Newtown Country Club to Rock Ridge Country Club. What are the driving range opening hours? 98-330 Kaahele Street - Aiea, Hawaii 96701. Pay and play for Allen Park is also available - click here to book. Click here to book and pay for your round online. Q: I’m not a member and want to play golf at Allen Park or Ballyearl?Ī: Pay and play golf is available at Ballyearl Golf Centre. Q: I’m new to Golf or I wish to join up to Allen Park for the 1 st time? It features a 9-hole executive golf course, driving range. Why are there no tee times available before 7am?Ī: Tee times are between the hours of 7am and 6:30pm. About Us: Olde Masters Golf Club is a public golf facility located in Newtown Square, PA. Why can I not book a tee time for next week?Ī: Tee times are available to book 7 days in advance from 6pm each evening. Please check your junk mail. Follow the steps to create your account. Your account will only be enabled when membership has been paid for. Alternatively, click here to create your account.īRS App is also available on the Google Play or App Store. Q: I do not have a BRS account? How do I get setup?Ī: All members will have received an email to register with BRS if they haven’t already done so. Tee times are available to book 7 days in advance from 6pm each evening. Pay and play is also available for Allen Park - click here to book. Redesigned in 1927 by Donald Ross and located only 10 miles. Q: How do I book a tee time at Allen Park?Ī: Members can book via the BRS app or the BRS Allen Park login. Since 1897, we have been serving residents and visitors with a fun, well-conditioned golf course. Q: I have paid my renewal and I can’t access my BRS booking account, what do I do?Ī: Once your payment is processed and details verified, a member of staff will enable your account. This can take up to 48hrs but the aim is to complete this much quicker. If your account still hasn’t been activated after 48hrs please E. Just turn up and pay for a bucket of balls using contactless payment at the ball dispenser machines I loved Asian Grindz homemade hamburger steak so decided to order it here hoping it would taste the same. As I looked over their menu, the selections and the overhead menu reminds me of L&L. Please contact the MORE team on T. 028 9448 1324 for daily opening hoursīooking not required. New Town Cafe is the new place where Newtown Asian Grindz used to be.located next to Newtown Golf Driving Range. The practice area is limited to a maximum of 6 people and can be booked in 30minute slots. The refurbishment also includes a new synthetic area for practice onto a green, over a bunker, with different pin positions to aim for. The golf practice areas have recently been renovated and extended to include additional bunkers and chipping areas. Large and small baskets of balls can be purchased directly from the ball dispenser using your credit or debit card. This new practice area is limited to a maximum of 4 people and can be booked in 30minute slots.įor more information log onto Opening Times:ĭayĚpril-September October-March Mon-FriĘ.00am - 10.00pmę.00am - 10.00pm Sat-Sunė.30am - 10.00pmė.30am - 6.If you would like to practice golf and perfect your swing, our Driving Ranges are the perfect place to be.Īllen Park features a 13-bay fully floodlit golf driving range with targets at each 50 yards. Times of issue of last bucket of balls April – September Large and small baskets of balls can be purchased from Reception. Three man-made lakes add to the beauty of the gently undulating course with many of the holes proving a test for even the more experienced golfer.Īllen Park features a 20-bay fully floodlit golf driving range with targets at each 50 yards. This 18 hole, Par 72 golf course covers an area of approximately 143 acres and stretches over 6683 yards. Also remember, the price of flowers, the availability of flowers and delivery fees varies dramatically from city to city. Communicate the feeling you want to convey as well as range of color choices and then let us use our discretion. When ordering flowers, simply state your budget. This wire service is world wide therefore, Kaleidoscope style designs can be delivered to anyone in the World. Subscribing florists are not permitted to create designs containing carnations, mums, baby's breath or leather fern. Create your own Quillled flowers for cards, journals and crafts. Flower Punch Board by We R Memory Keepers, New in Box, sealed with tools. Blooming plants, garden baskets, fruit baskets and gift baskets are also available. Tin punch PDF pattern, party craft, tutorial for punching a hare, four leaf clover & butterfly, 10 year anniversary gift, instant download. The florists involved are among the best floral artists today.Īll receiving customers are guaranteed beautiful, breath-taking floral arrangements. Jardin Floral Design is known to be one of the best boutique florist in Naples FL, local gift, flower shop providing unique, beautiful, exquisite florals for same-day delivery to Naples FL and Bonita Springs. Members to this service are hand picked and must meet rigid qualifications. 4.2 miles away from Kaleidoscope Flowers & Botanicals. The March 2022 Large Die of the Month preview & tutorials are here This 'Kaleidoscope Floral Slimline' die set features 6 cutting dies.Get your kit today: h. Fine Flowers by Phone is a distinguished wire service which provides onfidence when sending flowers long distance. Kaleidoscope prides itself as being a member of Fine Flowers by Phone and Teleflora. That is why we always go the extra mile to make your floral gift perfect. We are committed to offering only the finest floral arrangements and gifts, backed by service that is friendly and prompt.īecause all of our customers are important, our professional staff is dedicated to making your experience a pleasant one. In a two-mirror kaleidoscope, a 30-degree wedge has 11 reflections source: Staub. The more precisely the mirrors or reflective surfaces are joined together, the more precise the resulting symmetrical images will be. These stamps were issued in large coils for use by businesses that send large amounts of first-class letters.Kaleidoscope Flowers, a family owned and operated florist, proudly serves the Santa Barbara area. In a kaleidoscope, each repeated image is symmetrical in relation to the image beside it. tradition of picturing beautiful flowers on postage. The Kaleidoscope Flower stamps continue the U.S.P.S. Browse Getty Images premium collection of high-quality, authentic Floral Kaleidoscope stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. Method: Offset printing in coils of 3,000 and 10,000 The beautiful flowers exhibit orange, golden yellow, raspberry and violet shades of color. This sturdy stemmed plant will grow 6' to 8' in height making it a great screening plant. Printed by: Banknote Corporation of America for Sennett Security Products Temp (C) Buddleia x weyeriana 'Bicolor' The Bi-Color Butterfly Bush is a fast grower for your sunny garden. Each stamp pictures the same flower shape with different colors, creating the illusion that the patterns recede or move forward. The Brewster Kaleidoscope Society was soon formed, bringing together both collectors and artists, and encouraging new advancements in kaleidoscope design.Īrt director Antonio Alcalá designed the Kaleidoscope Flower stamps using the art of graphic artists Petra and Nicole Kapitza. 85 reviews of Kaleidoscope Flowers 'What I love about Kaleidoscope Flowers is that you will never have anything but the best from them Mike and David are two of the sweetest guys Ive ever met and have always been able to accommodate my familys requests. However, a 1985 exhibit of over 100 kaleidoscopes brought renewed interest. The kaleidoscope lost popularity among adults as new technologies emerged. He also introduced the use of ampules, small glass vials filled with liquids of different densities, which allowed for more intricate designs. The name comes from the Greek words kalos eidos scopos, which means “beautiful form watcher.” The arrangement of mirrors and brightly colored objects in a tube created limitless beautiful patterns that Brewster thought could serve as inspiration for designers and artists.Īmerican Charles Bush vastly improved on the kaleidoscope in 1873, patenting new features including a stand and rotating wheel to increase the number of designs. One of these new philosophical toys was the kaleidoscope, invented by Scotsman Dr. “Philosophical toys” appeared, both entertaining and sharing scientific advances. In the early 1800s, scientists began experimenting with light and optics. A popular children’s toy today, the kaleidoscope began as a tool for artists and was widely enjoyed by adults as a leisure activity. Tech support and servicing available throughout UK and Europe.Multi-currency web-store, with multi-lingual consultation and support.Easier order fulfilment and faster shipping times.No surprise VAT duty charges or cross-border fees - have your goods shipped from your nearest branch.Multiple warehouses and stockholdings across the UK and Europe.Funky Junk will ship your items from your nearest warehouse for faster delivery times and no cross-border charges. Simply switch to the EU store and check-out with your local tax-rate applied. As a pan-European company with multiple locations situated across the UK and EU, we’re able to place stock closer to our European and international customers. This means fewer headaches when calculating costs, no nasty surprises and more importantly, happier clients!įor more advice on international purchasing with Funky Junk, speak to one of our friendly advisors or email us in the EU but concerned about import fees and added charges? We've got you covered. As a pan-European company with multiple locations situated across the UK and EU, we’re able to place stock closer to our European and international customers, enabling simpler order fulfilment, faster delivery times and ZERO unexpected fees. You’ve placed your order and are eager to receive your new gear, only to be disappointed by unwelcome import-fees and duty charges. It fits into a 2U, 19″ space and includes the external GML 8355 Power Supply. Its extraordinary resolution, benchmark transparency, generous headroom, and surgical precision have been the reference for many other equalizers, but exceeded by no other. Quite simply, the 8200 is the archetype Stereo Parametric Equalizer. The lowest and highest bands also can be switched to Shelf mode. Each of the five broadly-overlapping bands offers 15dB of Boost or Cut and adjustable bandwidth (or “Q”) from 0.4 to 4. It’s time to fill the gap in your education.īrought to you from the man who invented the very concept of Parametric Equalization, the 8200 has been an industry standard for over twenty years, and can be found on virtually every major recording studio’s stereo bus. If you know the unit, check us on our price and be pleasantly surprised. The 8200 may be a little ‘clinical’ for some, but it is precise, versatile and reliable. Indeed, I know good engineers who won’t mix without an 8200 strapped across the 2buss.ĭecent eq is always a tricky choice, and far too many don’t deliver the goods when the mix is down. In any event, the 8200 dual five band parametric has been around for as long as I can remember, occupying centre space in mix rooms and mastering rooms worldwide. Who am I to disagree? I’ve never seen any competing claims (not even from Malcolm Toft or John Oram!). George Massenberg claims to have invented the parametric eq (which allows the user to tune the slope or ‘Q’ of the frequency as well as choose the frequency itself). A top ten of all time studio processing greats would include the Urei/Universal 1176LN, Neve 1073, Lexicon 224XL or 480L, EMT 140 plate, Pultec EQP1A and 1A-3, EAR 660 compressor (or Fairchild 660/670) Neumann U47 and AKG C12/Telefunken 251 and…the GML 8200 parametric eq. Through the use of this game, students have the opportunity to experience educational content and “role-play” in an environment that is immersive and highly interactive. This pilot program indeed demonstrates the value of an educational pre-learning tool for parents and students along with the teachers that come to the Fort to re-enact history. It is a web-based 3D game platform developed in Unity 3D that currently supports single player use, and in the near future will be developed for multiplayer functionality. In March 2011, California State Parks entered an agreement with University of California Merced (UCM) to create an interactive, learning game able to educate students, schools and visitors about Fort Ross: the “Fort Ross Virtual Warehouse Project” (FRVWP). Furthermore, Candy Crush Saga’s commodity form is structured by a platformed modality of cultural production and circulation and therefore embedded in the political economy of its host platform. It is argued that the free-to-play commodity form comprises three commodity types: the product commodity, the “prosumer commodity,” and the player commodity. Candy Crush Saga developer King Digital Entertainment has been able to attract hundreds of millions of players and build a business model that combines the commodification of virtual items, connectivity, user attention, user data, and play. Through a case study of the popular casual game Candy Crush Saga it is contended that the connective properties of social media platforms affect the form and format of game apps as cultural commodities. These social media platforms operate app stores that sustain the transformation of games as fixed, physically distributed products that follow a transaction logic, into digitally distributed, freely accessible, or “free-to-play” apps. Drawing on the theory of multisided markets and critical political economy, this article surveys the political economy of game apps and investigates how it is symbiotically related to the technological and economic logic underlying connective platforms operated by Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon. The goal of this article is to add a complementary perspective to the study of social network sites by surveying how the political economy of social media platforms relates to the structure of free-to-play games in their commodity form. Ultimately all three of these distinctions will prove necessary to show that fixed cosmetic rewards are ethically permissible, random rewards of all types are ethically problematic, and fixed functional rewards can be acceptable, but only under certain conditions. Third, there is a difference between items which are obtainable both for real money and for in-game effort and items which are only obtainable for real money. Second, there is a difference between cosmetic items and those which affect gameplay this is particularly pronounced in multiplayer games, where a player might have an advantage over another through the expenditure of real money. In the latter, a player knows how much she is paying for the loot box, but she does not know what is inside. In the former, a player knows exactly what she is purchasing and how much it will cost her. First, there is a difference between a fixed-reward microtransaction and a random one, such as a loot box. In this paper I will be investigating the ethics of freemium games, microtransactions, and loot boxes. In examining these games, this article will ultimately indicate the need for game studies to interrogate the intersection between commercial motivations and game design and a broader need for media and cultural studies to consider the social, cultural, economic and political implications of impatience. This article will examine three ‘freemium’ games, Snoopy Street Fair, The Simpsons’ Tapped Out and Dragonvale, to explore how they combine established branding strategies with gameplay methods that monetize player impatience. Although offering a free gameplay experience in line with open access philosophies, these games also create systems that offer control over the temporal dynamics of that experience to monetize player attention and inattention. Free to download, but structured around micropayments, these games raise the complex relationship between game design and commercial strategies. The gaming industry has seen dramatic change and expansion with the emergence of ‘casual’ games that promote shorter periods of gameplay. |
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